Patronage Politics in 16th Century Europe art patrons artists

Back up that one organisation or individual bestows to another

Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on some other. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors. It tin can too refer to the correct of bestowing offices or church building benefices, the business given to a store by a regular client, and the guardianship of saints. The word "patron" derives from the Latin: patronus ("patron"), one who gives benefits to his clients (see Patronage in ancient Rome).

In some countries the term is used to describe political patronage, which is the use of country resources to reward individuals for their balloter back up. Some patronage systems are legal, as in the Canadian tradition of the Prime Minister to appoint senators and the heads of a number of commissions and agencies; in many cases, these appointments get to people who have supported the political party of the Prime Minister. As well, the term may refer to a type of abuse or favoritism in which a political party in power rewards groups, families, or ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal gifts or fraudulently awarded appointments or government contracts.^[1]

In many Latin American countries, patronage developed as a means of population control, concentrating economic and political power in a small minority which held privileges that the majority of the population did not.^[two] In this system, the patrón holds authorization and influence over a less powerful person, whom he protects by granting favors in exchange for loyalty and allegiance. With roots in bullwork, the system was designed to maintain an inexpensive, subservient labor forcefulness, which could be utilized to limit production costs and let wealth and its privileges to be monopolized by a modest aristocracy.^[3] Long later on slavery, and other forms of bondage similar the encomienda and repartimiento systems were abolished, patronage was used to maintain rigid class structures.^{[3] [4]} With the rise of a labor grade, traditional patronage changed in the 20th century to permit some participation in power structures, but many systems still favor a small powerful elite, who distribute economic and political favors in exchange for benefits to the lower classes.^[2]

Arts [edit]

From the ancient world onward, patronage of the arts was important in art history. It is known in greatest detail in reference to medieval and Renaissance Europe, though patronage can too be traced in feudal Japan, the traditional Southeast Asian kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a imperial or imperial system and an aristocracy dominated a guild and controlled a pregnant share of resources. Samuel Johnson defined a patron as "one who looks with unconcern on a human being struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help".^[five]

Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as sponsors. Many languages^{[ commendation needed ]} take terms for patrons (such every bit the English "mecenate") that are derived from the name of Gaius Maecenas, generous friend and adviser to the Roman Emperor Augustus. Some patrons, such as the Medici family of Florence, used creative patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as sick-gotten through usury. Fine art patronage was peculiarly important in the cosmos of religious art. The Roman Catholic Church building and later Protestant groups sponsored art and architecture, every bit seen in churches, cathedrals, painting, sculpture and handicrafts.

19th-century Japanese vase bearing the Majestic chrysanthemum, showing that it was commissioned by the Royal family unit

While sponsorship of artists and the commissioning of artwork is the best-known aspect of the patronage arrangement, other disciplines besides benefited from patronage, including those who studied natural philosophy (pre-mod science), musicians, writers, philosophers, alchemists, astrologers, and other scholars. Artists as diverse and of import equally Chrétien de Troyes, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons.^{[vi] [7]} Figures as late equally Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven also participated in the system to some degree; it was but with the rise of bourgeois and backer social forms in the middle 19th century that European culture moved abroad from its patronage system to the more than publicly supported system of museums, theaters, mass audiences and mass consumption that is familiar in the contemporary world.

This kind of system continues across many fields of the arts. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to plutocrats—the term patronage has a more neutral connotation than in politics. It may simply refer to straight support (frequently financial) of an artist, for example by grants. In the latter part of the 20th century, the academic sub-bailiwick of patronage studies began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the miracle of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries.

Charity [edit]

Charitable and other non-profit making organizations oftentimes seek one or more than influential figureheads to deed as patrons. The relationship ofttimes does not involve money. Every bit well as conferring credibility, these people can use their contacts and charisma to aid the arrangement to raise funds or to impact government policy. The British Royal Family unit are peculiarly prolific in this respect, devoting a large proportion of their time to a wide range of causes.^[8]

Commercial [edit]

Sometimes consumers support smaller or local businesses or corporations out of loyalty even if less expensive options exist. Their regular custom is referred to as 'patronage'. Patronage may entitle members of a cooperative to a share of the surplus or turn a profit generated past the co-op, chosen a patronage refund. This refund is a course of dividend.

Ecclesiastical [edit]

Anglican [edit]

See main article Parish

In the Church of England, patronage is the commonly used term for the right to present a candidate to a benefice.

Cosmic [edit]

Patronage of Our Lady [edit]

The liturgical feast of the Patronage of Our Lady was first permitted past Decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on six May 1679, for all the ecclesiastical provinces of Spain, in retentiveness of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics and other enemies from the 6th century to the reign of Philip Four of Spain. Pope Benedict XII ordered it to be kept in the Papal States on the third Sunday of Nov. To other places it is granted, on request, for some Lord's day in November, to be designated by the ordinary. In many places, the feast of the Patronage is held with an additional Marian title of Queen of All Saints, of Mercy, Mother of Graces. The Office is taken entirely from the Common of the Blessed Virgin, and the Mass is the "Salvage sancta parens".^[9]

Presbyterian [edit]

The Church building Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711, (in force until 1874) resulted in multiple secessions from the Church of Scotland, including the secession of 1733, which led to the formation of the Associate Presbytery, the secession of 1761, which led to the formation of the Relief Church, and the Disruption of 1843, which led to the germination of the Free Church of Scotland.

Journalism [edit]

While most news companies, particularly in North America are funded through advertizement acquirement,^[10] secondary funding sources include audition members and philanthropists who donate to for-profit and non-profit organizations.

Politics [edit]

Political leaders accept at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they make decisions on the appointment of officials inside and outside government (for instance on quangos in the UK). Patronage is therefore a recognized ability of the executive branch. In most countries, the executive has the correct to make many appointments, some of which may be lucrative (see also sinecures). In some democracies, high-level appointments are reviewed or canonical by the legislature (equally in the communication and consent of the Usa Senate); in other countries, such equally those using the Westminster system, this is not the case. Other types of political patronage may violate the laws or ethics codes, such as when political leaders appoint in nepotism (hiring family members) and cronyism such as fraudulently awarding not-competitive government contracts to friends or relatives or pressuring the public service to hire an unqualified family fellow member or friend.

Philippines [edit]

Political patronage, too known equally "Padrino Arrangement" and colloquially as balimbing (starfruit), has been the source of many controversies and corruption. It has been an open secret that ane cannot join the political arena of the Philippines without mastery of the Padrino System. From the lowest Barangay official to the President of the Republic, information technology is expected that i gains political debts and dispenses political favor to accelerate 1'south career or proceeds influence, if not wealth.

Russian federation [edit]

After Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin's retirement from politics in March 1923 post-obit a stroke, a power struggle began between Soviet Premier Alexei Rykov, Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin, Profintern leader Mikhail Tomsky, Red Army founder Leon Trotsky, erstwhile Premier Lev Kamenev, Comintern leader Grigory Zinoviev, and Full general Secretary Joseph Stalin. Stalin used patronage to appoint many Stalinist delegates (such as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Grigory Ordzhonikidze, and Mikhail Kalinin) to the Party Politburo and Sovnarkom in social club to sway the votes in his favour, making Stalin the effective leader of the country by 1929.

Due south Africa [edit]

In 2012, the African National Congress (ANC) mayor of Beaufort West in the Western Cape Province wrote a letter that openly and illegally solicited funds from the Structure Education and Preparation Authority for the ANC's 2016 ballot campaign. This episode, amongst many others including instances revolving effectually president Jacob Zuma, revealed how the African National Congress as ruling political party utilized patronage to reward supporters and strengthen the leading faction of the party's control over governmental institutions.^[11]

U.s. [edit]

A "Thanks for your patronage" message from Orologio Restaurant in the Alphabet City area of the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City

In the United States during the Golden Age, patronage became a controversial issue. Tammany boss William M. Tweed was an American politician who ran what is considered now to take been one of the most corrupt political machines in the state's history. Tweed and his decadent associates ruled for a cursory time with absolute power over the urban center and state of New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Visitor, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel.^[12] At times he was a fellow member of the Us House of Representatives, the New York City Lath of Advisors, and the New York Land Senate. In 1873, Tweed was convicted for diverting between $40 million and $200 million of public monies.^[13]

Six months after James Garfield became president in 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, assassinated him. To forestall further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which fix up the Civil Service Commission. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would take to pass an examination. Federal politicians' influence over bureaucratic appointments waned, and patronage declined equally a national political issue.

Commencement in 1969, a Supreme Court case in Chicago, Michael L. Shakman v. Autonomous Organization of Cook Canton, occurred involving political patronage and its constitutionality. Shakman claimed that much of the patronage going on in Chicago politics was unlawful on the grounds of the starting time and fourteenth amendments. Through a series of legal battles and negotiations, the two parties agreed upon The Shakman Decrees. Under these decrees, information technology was declared that the employment status of most public employees could not be afflicted positively or negatively based on political allegiance, with exceptions for politically inclined positions. The case is withal in negotiation today, as there are points all the same to be decided.^{[fourteen] [fifteen] [xvi]}

Political patronage is not always considered decadent. In the The states, the U.S. Constitution provides the president with the power to appoint individuals to authorities positions. He or she also may appoint personal advisers without congressional approval. Not surprisingly, these individuals tend to exist supporters of the president. Similarly, at the state and local levels, governors and mayors retain appointments powers. Some scholars have argued that patronage may be used for laudable purposes, such as the "recognition" of minority communities through the engagement of their members to a high-profile position. Bearfield has argued that patronage be used for four general purposes: create or strengthen a political arrangement; accomplish autonomous or egalitarian goals; span political divisions and create coalitions, and to alter the existing patronage system.^[17]

Venezuela [edit]

Boliburguesía is a term that was coined past journalist Juan Carlos Zapata in gild to "define the oligarchy that has adult nether the protection of the Chavez government".^[18] During Hugo Chávez's tenure, he seized thousands of properties and businesses while likewise reducing the footprint of foreign companies.^[xix] Venezuela's economy was and so largely country-run and was operated past military officers that had their business and regime affairs connected.^[19] Senior boyfriend at the Brookings Establishment, Harold Trinkunas, stated that involving the military in business organisation was "a danger", with Trinkunas explaining that the Venezuelan military "has the greatest ability to coerce people, into business like they take".^[19] According to Bloomberg Business, "[b]y showering contracts on former military officials and pro-government business organization executives, Chavez put a new face on the system of patronage".^[xix]

Science [edit]

There are historical examples where the noble classes financed scientific pursuits.

Many Barmakids were patrons of the sciences, which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighboring Academy of Gundishapur into the Arabic world. They patronized scholars such as Jabir ibn Hayyan and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu. They are too credited with the institution of the first paper manufacturing plant in Baghdad. The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in The Book of Ane K and One Nights; the vizier Ja'far appears in several stories, as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression "Barmecide feast".

Nosotros know of Yahya b Khalid al Barmaki (805) as a patron of physicians and, specifically, of the translation of Hindu medical works into both Arabic and Western farsi. In all likelihood, however, his activity took place in the orbit of the caliphal court in Republic of iraq, where at the behest of Harun al Rashid (786 -809), such books were translated into Arabic. Thus Khurasan and Transoxania were effectively bypassed in this transfer of learning from India to Islam, even though, undeniably the Barmakis cultural outlook owed something to their state of origin, northern Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, and Yahya al Barmaki'south interest in medicine may take derived from no longer identifiable family tradition.^[xx]

Sports [edit]

In the same manner as commercial patronage, those who attend a sporting effect may be referred to as patrons, though the usage in much of the world is now considered archaic—with some notable exceptions. Those who attend the Masters Tournament, 1 of the four major championships of professional golf, are nevertheless traditionally referred to equally "patrons," largely at the insistence of the Augusta National Golf game Order. This insistence is occasionally made fun of by sportswriters and other media.^[21] In polo, a "patron" is a person who puts together a team by hiring ane or more professionals. The rest of the team may exist amateurs, often including the patron himself (or, increasingly, herself).

As well, people who attend hurling or Gaelic football games organised by the Gaelic Able-bodied Association are referred to as patrons.^{[22] [23]}

Meet too [edit]

• Angel investor
• Benefactor (police)
• Civil service reform (disambiguation)
• Community-supported agriculture
• Corporate social responsibleness
• Patreon
• Premiere
• Sinecure

References [edit]

1. ^ For a recent report of political patronage in the People's Republic of China, see Hillman, Ben. Patronage and Power: Local Country Networks and Party-state Resilience in Rural China Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine Stanford University Press, 2014.
2. ^ ^{a b} Huizer, Gerrit (Nov 1969). "The Role of Patronage in the Peasant Political Struggle in Latin America" (PDF). Sociologische Gids. Mepple, Belgium: J.A. Smash en Zoon. 16 (6): 411–419. ISSN 0038-0334. OCLC 1083129639. S2CID 58913901. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b} Hall, Anthony (July 1974). "Patron‐Client Relations". The Journal of Peasant Studies. London: Taylor & Francis. 1 (4): 506–509. doi:10.1080/03066157408437908. ISSN 0306-6150. OCLC 4654622533.
4. ^ Monteiro, John (2006). "6. Labor Systems". In Bulmer-Thomas, Victor; Coatsworth, John; Cortes-Conde, Roberto (eds.). The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America. Vol. i: The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century. New York, New York: Cambridge Academy Press. pp. 185–234. ISBN978-0-521-81289-4.
5. ^ Quoted in Michael Rosenthal, Lawman, London: Thames and Hudson, 1987, p. 203.
6. ^ F. W. Kent et al., eds., Patronage, Art, and Order in Renaissance Italy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.
7. ^ Cedric C. Brownish, Patronage, Politics, and Literary traditions in England, 1558–1658, Detroit, Wayne Land University Printing, 1993.
8. ^ "British Monarchy website, London".
9. ^ Mershman, Francis. "Feast of the Patronage of Our Lady." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. xi November 2016
10. ^ "Pew: Impact Of Billionaire Funded Journalism Is Tiny". Silicon Valley Watcher. March 2014.
11. ^ "Ability, patronage and gatekeeper politics in the time of Truman Prince". Daily Bohemian. Johannesburg. 3 February 2016.
12. ^ Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2005). Boss Tweed . New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers. p. 2. ISBN978-0-7867-1686-nine. boss tweed.
13. ^ "Dominate Tweed". Gotham Gazette. New York. iv July 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-04-27.
14. ^ "Shakman Decrees". Encyclopedia of Chicago.
15. ^ "The Shakman Decrees". Cook FP Shakman. Archived from the original on 2013-08-26.
16. ^ "SHAKMAN v. DEMOCRATIC Organization OF COOK CTY". Leagle.
17. ^ Bearfield, Domonic A. (January–Feb 2009). "What Is Patronage? A Critical Reexamination". Public Administration Review. 69 (ane): 64–76. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01941.ten. Retrieved 2009-08-19 . ^{[ expressionless link ]}
18. ^ "Auge y caída de un boliburgués". talcualdigital.com (in Spanish). 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved sixteen Baronial 2010. La boliburguesía –un término acuñado por el periodista Juan Carlos Zapata para definir a la oligarquía que ha crecido bajo protección del gobierno chavista– consituye hoy una "nueva clase social" de empresarios y políticos que se han servido de la falta de control del Parlamento, Fiscalía y Contraloría, para enriquecerse y hacer toda suerte de negocios, algunas veces de dudosa solvencia moral
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Smith, Michael; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (12 August 2014). "Venezuela Sees Chavez Friends Rich Subsequently His Expiry Amid Poverty". Bloomberg Business . Retrieved sixteen Apr 2015.
20. ^ Bosworth, C. E. & Asimov, G.S. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 4, Part 2. p. 300. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
21. ^ Davis, Seth: The departure between patrons and fans, Golf.com, April 6 2007. Archived Oct 15, 2007, at the Wayback Automobile
22. ^ McGee, Eugene (2010-ten-04). "'Rules' critics must look at bigger moving-picture show". Irish Contained. Retrieved 2010-10-04 .
23. ^ "A new tradition in the GAA?". Irish Times. 2010-09-21. Retrieved 2010-ten-04 .

Farther reading [edit]

• Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). "Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Business firm-level Prove from Lebanon". Periodical of Development Studies. 57 (viii): 1373–1396. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622. S2CID 229717871.
• Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913). "Patron and Patronage". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Cosmic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This is the reference for the Canon police force department.
• Simpson, Jeffrey (1988). Spoils of Power: the Politics of Patronage . Toronto: Collins. ISBN978-0-00-217759-seven.

External links [edit]

• Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Patron". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  • "Patron". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  • "Patronage". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

bensonknedly.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage

Share this post